BIO 12 UNIT 3: Study Notes

LIVER

FUNCTIONS:

1.) Detoxification of blood by removal of poisonous substances (drugs)

2.) Stores iron, fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K

3.) Makes plasma proteins from amino acids

4.) Stores glucose as glycogen after eating and breaks down glycogen to glucose to maintain glucose concentration of blood (energy) in between meals

5.) Produce urea from hydrolysis of amino acids

6.) Coverts red blood cell hemoglobin to breakdown products which have been excreted and bile salts in bile

**7.) Produces bile (stored in gallbladder before entering small intestine where salts of bile emulsify fats)

BIO 12 Week in Review...

The past week we...

• MON- Female Reproductive System Cut + Paste, /13 assignment (completed colouring and q's, labeling, cut and paste for marks in class)
• TUE- Notes on Estrogen, discussed marks, test, etc.
• THU- Notes on Testosterone (finished reproduction unit), started Circulatory System with an intro. class discussion of its functions and general knowledge, Colouring sheet, structure and functions sheet of the major parts of the circulatory system (started and completed for homework), notes on the Heart, Replication of the Movement of blood in the heart/body activity (Abstract heart created with construction paper, strings)
• FRI- Notes on Stimulation of the Heart, COOKIE DECORATING (using icing [blue and red], candy rope [blue and red], and smarties to create a heart which shows the movement of blood and its nodes--> picture can be viewed on the blog), labeling sheet of the heart and blood movement, final good-byes to Ms. Phillips (wishing her a speedy and smooth recovery, my heart goes out to you, will miss you as our BIO teacher)

BIO 12 Cookie Heart

An image of our "cookie hearts" (Above) :) 

LEGEND:

Blue side (Right atrium and Right Ventricle= deO2ated blood)
Red Side (Left Atrium and Left Ventricle= O2ated blood)
Brown Smartie (SA Node)
Yellow Smartie (AV Node)
Blue Candy (DeO2ated blood flow= Superior Vena Cava--> Right Atrium--> Pulmonary Trunk/Arteries--> Lungs)
Red Candy (O2ated blood flow= Lungs--> Left Atrium (via pulmonary arteries and veins)--> Aorta--> Body)

Digestive System Question

• Why do farts stink, why do we fart (causes), how do we fart?

A: 

1. Remnants of hydrogen sulfide (gaseous) and skatole contribute to the odour of farts [SULFUR] (ex. eating eggs produces stinky farts due to being rich in sulfur which is derived from bacterial production in guts). 

2. Ingesting too much air (eating/drinking too fast), insoluble food content, unfamiliar or abundant quantity of food causes more frequent farting which is the product of chemical digestive system processes: hydrolisis of carbohydartes and proteins in foods

3. Gases produced in the stomach and intestines from the aforementioned biochemical processes, gas travels up (burp) or down towards rectum and is expelled through anus (FART)

BIO 12 Week in Review...

This is what happened this week in biology...

• MON- Started new unit on Digestive System by watching a video and researching some of the functions of the parts of the digestive system with the use of a sheet, created poetry? with those sheets, talked about marks (work handed back)
• TUES- Continued working on functions with the I-PADS and also created a blog post reflecting on our mark so far...
• THURS- UNIT 2 TEST (pretty good... a few tricky m.c. q's and a written q or two but overall I did really well), started Digestive System T-Shirts, notes on Digestive System
• FRI- Digestive System notes continued, digestive system colouring and q's, talked about what is to come this year (Playland, Reproduction, Marks, etc.)

BIO 12 UNIT 2: Study Notes

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

• Transcription:

• Occurs in nucleus of eukaryotic cells
• Definition:
Making a mRNA from a DNA template
• STEP 1-
DNA Helicase unzips and unwinds a double-helix DNA molecule
• STEP 2-
RNA Polymerase aids in matching RNA nucleotides to the DNA template strand (only one of the two DNA strands) [COMPLIMENTARY BASE PAIRING]
• STEP 3-
Completed mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome (also, DNA is rewound)

• Translation:

• Occurs at the ribosome of eukaryotic cells

• Definition: Production of a protein

• STEP 1- mRNA attaches to the ribosome (this is the strand from the aforementioned process of Transcription) [INITIATION]

• STEP 2- tRNA: an amino acid head and anti-codon tail that complimentary pairs to a specific codon of the mRNA strand (3 a.a. group) that results in the release of its specific amino acid head (coded for via base pairing between anti-codon and mRNA codon); only two tRNA molecules are at the ribosome releasing their amino acids at one time 

• STEP 3- Peptide bonds form between each pair of amino acids 

• STEP 4- mRNA shifting along the ribosome similar to a conveyor belt in that two tRNA arrive, release the amino acid and than move away to allow a new tRNA to come and release its amino acid head and so on this process occurs at an extremely quick pace [ELONGATION]

• STEP 5- Emptied tRNA molecules (i.e. no amino acid head) leave the ribosome after releasing an amino acid (their job is done)

• STEP 6- The completed long strand of amino acid monomers joined together to form a protein designated for a very specific role in the cell relating to a chemical reaction (enzymes); [TERMINATION] occurs which basically breaks apart the ribosome and allows the protein to exit and go where it needs to go to complete its function in the cell 




Here is a video explaining Protein Synthesis...

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3fOXt4MrOM



but really who needs that when I made my very own SHOW ME video (link on blog) ;)

BIO 12 UNIT 2: Study Notes

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

• With the help of the above mRNA genetic codon table it is easy to move from a DNA sequence of codons to the mRNA and amino acids:

AAT GCG CTT CAT TAA ATT (DNA)

UUA  CGC  GAA GUA AUU UAA (mRNA)

Leu    Arg    Glu    Val    Iso   STOP (a.a.)