BIO 12 Cell Processes Project Part III: Digestion

• Endocytosis is a process in which a cell takes in material from the outside by engulfing and infusing them with cell membrane:
• Most of this external material are large polar molecules such as proteins which are unable to pass through the membrane via diffusion
• There are 2 major types of ENDOCYTOSIS: phagocytosis (cell-eating) and pinocytosis (cell-drinking)
• Lysosomes are specialized vesicles from the Golgi apparatus that have specialized digestive enzymes. Their role in the digestion of incoming nutrients are to break them down after they have entered the cell by the aforementioned process of ENDOCYTOSIS. This is crucial in ensuring that the harmful substances which are a part of the discussed material is dealt with appropriately.

• Vacuoles are part of the main type of intracellular digestion which is heterophagic:
• Specialized vesicle-like structures called Phagosomes or Pinosomes (depending on the process that occured) fuse with lysosomes to create digestive vacuoles:
• The materials inside of this 'special' vacuole undergo hydrolisis and the products of these reaction are either stored in the vacuole or they reach the cytoplasm of the cell
• The residual material left in a vacuole after digestion will eventually undergo EXOCYTOSIS (opposite of "ENDO") under the larger process SECRETION

BIO 12 Cell Organelle Review

1. Nucleolus: RNA synthesis, assembles ribosomes
2. Nucleus: Contains chromosomes, control centre of cell (brain)
3. Ribosome: Protein synthesis, often bound to ER, workbenches
4. Vesicle: Liquid filled, membrane-bound sac, may contain substances such as proteins and lipids, "taxis", transports material around and out of cell
5. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Ribosomes attached to surface, tubules, site of Protein Synthesis
6. Golgi Body: Stacks of flattened vesicles, packages, sorts, secretes proteins
7. Cytoskeleton: Network of protein filaments, provides structure/framework and movement for cell
8. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: No ribosomes attached to surface, tubules, extends from nuclear membrane, packages proteins for transport, detoxifies drugs, large surface area, synthesizes lipids, triglycerides, steroids
9. Mitochondria: Double membrane, metabolism, ATP energy provider, CELLULAR RESPIRATION, "Power plants."
10. Vacuole: Storage, membrane bound sacs, stores dissolved foods and waste, stores water, ions, etc., larger in Plant cell
11. Cytoplasm/cytosol: Material inside cell surrounding/binding organelles (liquid which holds organelles in place)
12. Lysosome: Specialized vesicles from the Golgi body that help with digestion, aid in cell death,digestive enzymes
13. Centrioles: Groups/bundles of microtubles, helps chromosomes separate during cell division

BIO 12 Week in Review

Our week of BIO 12 looked like this:

• Monday - We learned about and took notes on ATP to complete our Biological Molecules sub-unit, we also reviewed as a class our Molecule booklets in preparation for the quiz on Thursday
• Tuesday - Started our Cells sub-unit and completed a chart of the major organelles structure and function using the I PADS, we also began looking at our Cell Processes Project
• Thursday- Biological Molecule Quiz (I got 14/14 :) ), worked on a Cell Review Worksheet, used the I PADS to start work on our Cell Processes Project with some difficulty
• Friday - We were able to see how we are doing in the course so far (got assignments back) (I am doing great so far..), and we worked on a Cell Review Assignment and Cell Processes Project (both due on Monday)

In keeping with the theme of CELLS... here are some really helpful and informative and awesome cell animation/3D tour guide videos of ANIMAL and PLANT cells (I highly recommend people to watch them, I have a clearer understanding of cells now)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DWaAIVlW3k&feature=related- ANIMAL
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=ASYG1JQy7K4- PLANT

BIO 12 Photosynthesis

BIO 12 Cellular Respiration

BIO 12 UNIT 1: STUDY NOTES

Acids, Bases, Buffers, and pH:

Acids --> Higher [H+] ions, 0-7 on pH scale, release H+ ions (ex. HCl)
Bases --> Higher [OH-] ions, 7-14 on pH scale, release OH- ions or take up H+ ions (ex. NaOH)
Buffers --> Compound whose job is to maintain a constant pH by accepting or releasing H+ ions
(ex. H2PO4-)
Importance of pH --> A change in pH level in our body disrupts homeostasis and this leads to the denaturing of enzymes, malfunctioning chemical reactions in the body, and eventual death. That is why BUFFERS are so IMPORTANT. (i.e. help maintain blood pH, cell cytoplasm, etc.)

Here is a great diagram of the pH scale with a BIOLOGICAL link: :)

BIO 12 UNIT 1: STUDY NOTES

WATER:

• Solvent --> Universal (dissolves many molecules making it extremely versatile: dissolves all IONIC COMPOUNDS. Key for dissolving harmful bodily wastes, substances entering the body (digestion), etc.
• Temperature Regulator --> Key to our survival, unlike many other substances such as sand, a lot of energy and pressure is required to drastically disrupt temperature letting humans adapt to different climates without fear. Maintains a fairly constant temperature in our body. 
• Lubricant --> Moistens our joints due to high surface tension (H Bonding), which is vital to our movement.

BIO 12 UNIT 1: STUDY NOTES

Water:

• Water contains a POLAR COVALENT BOND, which results in an uneven sharing of elctrons between the H and O atoms. The O holds electrons more closely and is thus, ELECTRONEGATIVE and the H holds electrons farther away and is ELECTRONEGATIVE. With the use of the simple rule of OPPOSITES ATTRACT it is clear that when two water molecules are near each other the H attracts the O and this is described as H bonding, very significant for many reasons such as surface tension but that's another story.
• Below is a link to a short and informative explanation of this phenomena:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aH2IbYs_XjY&feature=related

BIO 12 Week in Review...

We learned about NUCLEIC ACIDS such as DNA and RNA and did a special arts and crafts activity showing the structure of a DNA molecule. We also did our BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES lab this week, started working on a review booklet in preparation of our QUIZ on Thursday and we watched a very interesting video whose link is below:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0

• This shows a portion of our Biological Molecule identification lab, where we used commonly ingested food items to demonstrate what and what not contained carbs. The testtubes showed us which foods such as grapes and bread contained monosaccharides or "simple sugars." This positive reaction would be indicative of a yellowish-orangey brown change in colour:

Looking back at BIO 12 so far...

• A Pipecleaner protein demo showing the structure of a protein at the quaternary level:

Looking back at BIO 12 so far...

• After a Dehydration Synthesis reaction our monomers of fructose and glucose becomes a DISACCHARIDE of sucrose and a separate molecule of water taken from an -OH and -H group from our monomers:

Looking back at BIO 12 so far...

• Glucose/Fructose molecule from Carbohydrates activity:

This is only a test